What condition occurs when a person breathes in excess of metabolic need?

Hyperventilation occurs when a person breathes at a rate or depth that exceeds what is necessary for metabolic needs. This leads to a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood (hypocapnia) because the body is expelling more carbon dioxide than it is producing. Common causes of hyperventilation include anxiety, panic attacks, and certain medical conditions.

In situations where hyperventilation occurs, symptoms may include lightheadedness, tingling in the extremities, and shortness of breath. Recognizing hyperventilation is crucial, as it can lead to respiratory alkalosis, where the blood becomes too alkaline due to decreased carbon dioxide levels.

Other conditions mentioned have distinct definitions: hypoventilation refers to inadequate ventilation, resulting in increased carbon dioxide levels; oligopnea indicates a reduced rate of breathing, and hypopnea is characterized by abnormally slow or shallow breathing. Understanding these differences helps clarify why hyperventilation is the correct choice for this question.